Lifelet assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lifelet assignment - Essay Example I am currently working in the physics lab at Stanford University as part of my graduate school studies. I am so very pleased that I was able to land this position as it took ten days (at ten letters per day) worth of e-mailing just to get the professor’s attention regarding my desire to participate in Stanford lab activities. The university staff was very helpful in writing the necessary recommendation letters so that I could succeed in America and I will be forever grateful for their assistance. I came to the United States on May 22, 2005, arriving in San Francisco. At first, I have to admit that I was quite overwhelmed by the architecture and the vast variety of food available on market shelves. People always seemed to be rushing around which was quite different than the culture in Korea who are more laid back in terms of managing personal and business-related priorities. I have to admit that I, at first, expected that America would have similar cultural values and beliefs, however this personal misconception gave me somewhat of a rude awakening. For instance, Koreans are generally more open about expressing their personal feelings because of the collectivist culture which exists overseas. Most everyone in Korea shares similar beliefs and values, making it easy for most everyone to relate to one another. Americans are very individualistic and are more reserved when it comes to self-expression and generally work on their own, unique life agendas. When I first began working in the Stanford lab environment, I was taken aback by Americans’ reservations about discussing personal issues and did not find the highly collaborative environment I was expecting. In Korea, people who work together generally become very close and share their life stories, such as birthdays, family issues, and their areas of personal interest. During the first portion of my lab work at the university, I really did

Intercultural Communication in Workplace Case Study

Intercultural Communication in Workplace - Case Study Example Morgan. He seemed to be in a jovial mood. Immediately Mrs. Morgan followed him to his office. Mrs. Morgan didn't understand why Mr. Ablerto could have called her this early to his office. Although she did not understand why she was called she remembered that there were some sales document that were supposed to be signed by the general manager and passed to the production department as the deliveries were expected to be made by that afternoon. But when she reached the office she found it in a total mess as it had not been clean and she thought she had been called to put it in order. As she was collecting the papers on the floor she remembered about the sales documents. First when Mr. Alberto waved his hand, he did not intend to call Mrs. Morgan but it was a form of greeting. Mr. Alberto happens to be an Italian while Mrs. Morgan was an American. Apparently in the Italian culture, their form of waving is the same as telling someone to come while waving in the sense that they move their fingers up and down while waving. In the American culture this is same as calling someone. So when Mr. Alberto waved at Mrs. Morgan he was greeting her but not calling her. But this was misinterpreted by Mrs. Morgan who followed him to the office. Not knowing why she was called, Mrs. Morgan immediately went and started collecting some papers which were scattered in the office. She apparently judged that the only reason why Mr. Ablerto would have called her was that his office had not been cleaned and perhaps wanted her to keep it in order. So she apparently set out collecting the paper that had been scattered on the floor. She decided to ask about the status of the documents that were to be signed. According to the answer that she was given by Mr. Ablerto she interpreted it for yes though Mr. Alberto meant no in his Italian language. Apparently he appeared very busy and did not pay attention to the details of the conversation. Mrs. Morgan left the office satisfied that the documents had been signed and she relaxed in her office waiting to collect and deliver the orders. These two issues as presented in the conversation are actually some of the cultural issues that acted as a barrier to communication. First Mrs. Morgan didn't understand that Mr. Alberto was waving at her to greet her and was not calling her. This was a misinterpretation of the meaning of the non verbal expression. The difference in the interpretation here was affected by the cultural interpretation of the meaning of the gesture between the Italian and American cultures. This created as barrier in

Was the Cold War an Identity Conflict?

Was the Cold War an Identity Conflict? The Cold War was a controversial war. Unlike previous wars the main actors never really frontally fought each other. By using client states to fight on their behalf, the USA and Soviet Union fought for their beliefs and identities. [1]Identity in IR can be associated with nationalism, and that is one of the reasons that the Cold War is seen as an identity conflict. The Cold War was in fact an opposition of different cultural, political, power and ideological identities.[2]This essay tries to clarify the semantics of the word identity, when this word started to have importance between the scholars an[3]d in particular why it is so important in order to understand better International Relations.[4] In this essay the main protagonists and events related to the Cold War will also be reviewed. After this important context is explained, the role of identities in the Cold War will be examined and described. By using some examples it should be clear why the Cold War was in fact an identity c onflict. What is Identity? To understand the role of identities in the Cold War it is first necessary to understand what identity really means, in particular related to IR. Defining identity is not easy and if we look at the word in the Cambridge Dictionary we find this definition: who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others [1]. But as James D. Fearon relates in his manuscript [2] dictionary definitions fail to capture the meaning of identity in every day and social science contexts.According to many scholars, identities play a central role in politics. Anthony Burke, for example, affirms that there would be no world politics, no people, no states and no international system without identity[3]. Before extending to groups such states or the international system[5] it is important to remember how the concept of identity starts from the individual. It is said that identity is what we make of it. Culture, education, family environment, media and many other factors shape every persons identity. Another aspect that should be pointed out is that rarely is identity forever fixed, and in fact identities can change throughout places and time. Relationships, for example, are a powerful factor able to change ones identity. Personal and national identities have a close connection as both mutually influence each other. A persons identity is influenced by the national identity of the country he/she was born in, and at the same time national identity is formed by putting together the single peoples identities of its inhabitants. [6]But as Jervis Robert asks: Can we treat national identity as singular in the face of internal differences? [4]. That is the reason why understanding the individuals identity and how they develop is important to understand how a group of identities work. We can refer to many aspects as identity. Identity in IR can often be related to nationalism, and this will be explained better later on. If we refer to cultural identity it is necessary to remember Huntingtons theory about the Clash of Civilisations [5]He argued that modern conflicts would happen mainly because of conflicts between civilisations. Regarding civilisations as cultural identities is evidence of how Huntingtons theory also applies to this case. Brief summary of the Cold War Besides clarifying the definition of identity, it is also important to understand the reasons for and the protagonists involved in the Cold War. As is well known, the Cold War happened mainly because of the tension between the two opposing superpowers, the USA in the West and the Soviet Union in the East. The Soviet Union was a communist system where, based around a central ideology, everyone owned the means to create a Commonwealth[7] while the United States was a capitalist system where almost everything was privately owned and run for profit. These two powers never really frontally fought against each other, instead, after World War II they started spreading their influence through the world and fighting each other using proxy wars, intimidation, propaganda and espionage. The Soviet Union and the United States spread their influence in the Middle East, Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia, trying to overthrow the old European colonial regime. Nationalism and identity As human beings we are considered to be social beings and for this reason we feel the desire or the necessity of belonging to a community. As explained before, an identity is something that belongs to a person and it is indivisible. Everyone has his/her own identity but everyone as human being has the need for belonging to a greater community or identity. Extending this fact to a national view we can understand how nationalisms are born. The pride of belonging to a nation and the desire to make ones own country the greatest is a way of making yourself belong to a national identity, making your identity complete by being part of a greater identity. In western counties, in particular in the US, the idea that ones own country was better than other was common. And although Karl Marx believed that nationalism was something to avoid, communist countries, such as China and the Soviet Union, were strongly nationalist as well. Nationalisms and wars are often connected to each other or even though necessary for the existence of the other. [8]The pride of ones own culture and identity that comes with nationalism can cause people to believe that their own country is always right and keeps motivated people to make sacrifices for their own country and be willing to fight for it. We build our identity by excluding characteristics we dont like. If we extend this concept to IR we can see how identities had a major role in the Cold War. Soviet identity, as an example, was shaped in opposition to the capitalist world as well, as Americans were constantly afraid of the spread of Communism (the Red Scare[6]). Americans believed that democratic ideology was the best , and that by globally spreading their ideologies they would assist the world to modernise and improve it. Communists from the Soviet Union had the same feelings about communism. By thinking like this it was inevitable that the two super powers would be pitted against each other. Geopolitical divisions = clash of identities During the Cold War the clash of identities was physically and geopolitically visible. Germany, Vietnam and Korea are clear examples of how there was a clear division and conflict between the two super powers identities. During the Vietnam War, the contrast between the two political and ideological identities was clear. South Vietnam was anti-communist and for this reason it was supplied by the US, while North Vietnam was pro-Communist and by using weapons from the USSR and China they fought against the south and against the US. The same scenario occurred in Korea and Germany,[9] in this last one by creating the material and physical division of the wall.This clash of identities was sometimes also immaterial[10]. An example of this is the Red Fear that was spreading in the US during the war. The fear of the other and the fear of the contagion of unwanted ideologies, in this case, communism was a daily reality in the US during the Cold War. This fear was extended outside US borders By this point it should be clear that the Cold War was an attempt of preservation of national identities. The curious thing after all was said, as Jervis Robert 4 debates, is that the Soviet Union and the US had in fact a lot of similarities or parallels. As he ascertains, both implied a form of universalism and both were founded on ideas instead of nationalities or myths of common heritage or blood. Robert testifies that in a country where mostly everyone was an immigrant,[11] like the United States, it was possible to not be considered an American just by not believing in the correct ideas[12]. Another aspect that they[13] had in common was that both believed they were the standard to be followed in order to obtain global progress and modernity. How the Cold War ended The way the Cold War ended is another clear example of the importance that identities had in this war. In fact, the Cold War ended only when one of the two sides identities ended as well. As this war was happening mainly because of the contrast of the two main identities, when one of them failed there was no more reason for conflict to exist. CONCLUSION To summarise, it has been noted that conflicts of identities, if extended to an international level, had a major role in the Cold War. This particular war cannot be explained by classic IR. Just by analysing the role of identities in the global system this particular war can be understood properly. As was explained, identity can assume many different forms (political, ideological, cultural), and it is clear now how preservation and spread of identities were the two main reasons that for the Cold War. The two main ideologies of capitalism and communism started from the United States and the Soviet Union but rapidly spread globally creating internal conflicts in countries such as Vietnam, Korea and Germany. These clear distinctions and divisions, the development of the War and finally the way the Cold War ended make indisputable the fact that the Cold War was an identity conflict. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler-Nissen, R. Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms and Order in International Society, International Organisation 68/1 (2014): 143-176 Berenskoetter, F. Identity in International Relations in R. Denemark (ed.), The International Studies Encyclopedia (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010): 3594-3611 Burke, Anthony. Identity/Difference. In M. Griffiths (ed.) Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics. London: Routledge, 2006: pp.394-6 Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Thesaurus  © Cambridge University Press s.v. Identity http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/dictioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/english/identity Fearon, J. What is Identity (as We Now Use the Word)?, unpublished manuscript (Stanford University, 1999) Jervis Robert. Identity and the Cold War. Cambridge University Press, 2010: pp.22-43 Samuel P. Huntington 1996, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Touchstone Books. Zachary Keck 2013, How Geopolitics Doomed the Clash of Civilizations, The Diplomat, . Individual, transnational(means in the space between) identity Dignity and Privacy in Health Care: Literature Review Dignity and Privacy in Health Care: Literature Review Annotated Bibliography To complete this assignment I am going to complete an Annotated Bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a bibliography of sources of information such as: books, websites, journals, articles. However under each source is an evaluation paragraph that is a brief description about the source that has been used. During this assignment the sources used will be based upon on the subject of privacy and dignity, and overall 15 sources will be used including one national policy. Finally the evaluation paragraph of each source will focus on a few points: 1) what the main points of the source are. 2) Are the main points of the source clearly presented to the reader? 3) Who is the source directed at- who is the audience? 4)Is the information in the source supported by someone or is the source unsupported. Alaszewski, H, Holdsworth, L,Billings, J, Dr Wagg (2009) ‘Privacy and dignity in continence care: research review Nursing Residential Care. 11 (8) pp 393-396. http://internurse.com [Accessed 5th December 2009] This article is written by three health professionals who specialise in research two of whom are research associates and one who is a researcher and one health professional who is a senior lecturer at a university. Therefore due to the nature of the authors the article is primarily based to health professionals. More specifically as it was published in Nursing and Residential care the health care professionals who work in nursing and residential homes. The layout of this article is very simple and the information is presented clearly with the use of subheadings to describe the different parts of the study. This article reviews a study that was carried out in relation to privacy and dignity in continence care. This review highlights that there four major themes identified from the study one of them being privacy. With the review commenting that maintaining privacy during toileting and continence care is vital to maintaing dignity. In addition that it was easier to maintain privacy in care homes that provided en-suite bathrooms for the residents. This article is not supported as it only gives reference to what the Health Care commission report caring for dignity says about dignity. Foss, T D (2006) ‘Grave Bearing: how dignity will be dealt with on wards. British Journal of Nursing. 15 (9) pp 481 http://www.internurse.com [Accessed 5th December 2009] This article is written by the editor of the British Journal of Nursing and bases the article around the new duty that the government has imposed on nurses, the new duty of the Dignity nurse. In the article the author argues that nurses simply have too many duties and adding another will make the nurses even more overstretched. In addition it is pointed out that nurses already show the patients respect and dignity in basic care as nurses play an important role in keeping up dignity in mixed wards, so why does it need to be actually stated as a new duty. The article concludes with the view that the government cannot deal with this with continuing learning courses as the nurses do not have the time nor do the trust have the money to send the nurses on them. As this article is published in the British Journal of Nursing and written by the editor of the journal this article is aimed at Health Care professionals especially who work on wards. As no reference is made to anyone else or any o ther publications this article is unsupported. McParland J, Scott, PA, Dassen, T ,Gasull, M, Lemonidou, C, Valimaki, M , Leino-Kilpi, H ( 2000) ‘ Atonomy and clinical practice 2: patient privacy and nursing practice. British Journal of Nursing. 9 (9) pp 556-559. http://www.internurse.com [Accessed 5th December 2009] This article is written by a number of health lecturers and outlines privacy and the nursing practices to enable the policy of privacy is adhered to. The article is presented clearly with an abstract box at the beginning of the article to inform the reader what information the article is going to contain, and all the information under sub headings. The article begins with a number of definitions of privacy and then informs the reader of patient privacy. A number of situations and examples of patient privacy are given in the article with it also stating how nurses can maintain patient privacy. This article is primarily aimed at the nursing profession as it was published in the British Journal of Nursing. This article may be extremely useful to student nurses to enable them to learn about privacy to maintain a good understanding of it and how to make sure it is maintained why they are on placement. Throughout this article many references are made to many people who have researched this area before, therefore this article is supported. Charles- Edward, I, Brotchie, J (2005) ‘Privacy: what does it mean for childrens nurses? Paediatric Nursing. 17 ( 5) pp 38-44. http://www.proquest.com [Accessed 6th December 2009] Although this article is appropriate for paediatric health professionals due to where it was published and the authors. Imelda Charles- Edward being the programme director for the Bsc (Hons) in child health nursing and it being published in the Paediatric Nursing journal, it is most appropriate for Paediatric Nursing students. The main reason for this being that includes a number of activates that could be completed in order to gain a good understanding of the subject of privacy and dignity while undertaking training. Due to this being aimed at paediatric nursing students the layout is very clear as it includes tables and is sectioned off with what the author calls ‘Time outs at the end of each section for the reader to complete. This article covers many issues to do with privacy and dignity including: the different definitions of privacy, physical privacy, privacy of information and adult secretes. Throughout the article the author makes reference to many other health professi onals and authors who have their own views on this subject and who have carried out studies on the subject previous, therefore this article is supported. Matiti, M R, Trorey, G M ( 2008) ‘Patients expectations of the maintenance of their dignity Journal of clinical nursing. 17 (20) pp 2709- 2971. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com [Accessed 6th December 2009] This study was carried out to research into patients expectations of dignity while they were in hospital and how it was maintained. Due to both the authors being health lectures at universities in England and the article being printed in a nursing journal this article is aimed at any health professional who works in a hospital setting as this is where the study was carried out. The information about the study is clearly presented in this article as the information is divided into the different sections of the study. For example the article provides information background to dignity, information on the methodology of the study, the study population, data collection and information on the findings of the study. As this is a study that was conducted it is not supported in the traditional sense as it only makes reference to what other people perceive privacy and dignity to be. Nazarko, L, (2007) ‘Bathing Patients with care and dignity. British Journal of Health Care Assistants. 1 (2) pp 73-76. http://www.internurse.com [Accessed 6th December 2009] An abstract box at the beginning of this article informs the reader that healthcare assistants play an important role in maintaining the hygiene of clients in their care and this role should be carried out with sensitivity to maintain the clients dignity. The article comments on this in more depth informing the reader that one of the main ways of respecting the clients dignity is to assess the risk of the client of getting in the bath/shower as if they can complete the task themselves then they should be left to do so. This article was written by a nursing consultant for older people and was published in the British Journal of Healthcare Assistants; therefore it is aimed more specifically at Healthcare Assistants. Nursing students however may find this useful as the article is simply written and explains what needs to be done to bath a client, therefore a student nurse may find it useful to use to find out how to bath a patient. As the article is like a guide to bathing clients no re ference is made to any other publications therefore this article is unsupported. Thomas, S, (2008) ‘RCN: Lets get political for patient dignity. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 4 (5) pp 243-244. http://www.internurse.com [Accessed 6th December 2009] The author of this article Sue Thomas a nurse policy adviser for the Royal College of Nursing writes this article to inform health professionals about the barriers that face nurses when trying to make policy changes and how maintaining patient dignity can bring about policy change. The information is clearly presented with sub headings and quotations being easily distinguished by being in bold. The article highlights the barriers to dignity such as the obstacles that stop the nurses providing the dignity that the patients want. The article then provides recommendations that the RCN would like to see in place in order for the nurses to provide the dignity the patients want such as: no more mixed wards and curtains around beds that actually close. Although this was published in the neuroscience journal this article is aimed at all health professionals especially them in the Royal college of Nursing. Throughout this article there are many quotations by health professionals and results o f a survey carried out therefore this article is supported. Pownall, M, ( 2009) ‘Privacy and dignity: eliminating mixed sex accommodation in hospitals. Nursing Times. 105 (44) pp 15. http://www.proquest.com [Accessed 6th December 2009] This article is written by a freelance health journalist who uses the issue of mixed sex wards as an example of how individual trusts can monitor how they are maintaining privacy and dignity in relation to overall performance. The author states that this is achieved in three ways: 1) A committed board of directors e.g. providing the senior management with the right information and recourses to ensure privacy and dignity is maintained to patients in their care. 2) The care environment e.g. separated sleeping areas and washing facilities for men and women on mixed sex wards. 3) Individual action e.g. if it is unavoidable for a patient to be placed on a mixed ward try to relocate the patient as soon as possible and apologise for any inconvenience. The article is clearly presented and uses sub-headings to categorise the information. As it is printed in a nursing journal nurses and health care professionals may find this article beneficial. Walsh, K, Kowanko, I (2002) ‘Nurses and patients perceptions of dignity International Journal of Nursing. 8 (3) pp143-145. http://www3.interscience.com [Accessed 7th December 2009] The authors of this article, one being a senior lecturer and another being a senior researcher explains in depth the study and the results of the study they carried out in order to obtain nurses and patients perceptions of dignity. This article highlights that after carrying out the study nurses believe that there are many aspects and many different characteristics of dignity, the most important ones being aspects such as privacy and respect. With the study also concluding that the characteristics the patients associated with dignity were very similar to the nurses. Although the article is of length it is clearly presented with the use of sub-headings and the use of quotations in italics. As the authors have used quotations of the participants in the study and have related to other health professionals during this study this article is supported. As it was published in the International Journal of Nursing this article is not only aimed at audiences here in the United Kingdom but heal th professionals all over the world. Ashurst, A (2007) ‘Palliative Care: maintaining dignity. Nursing and residential care. 9 (1) pp22-24. http://www.internurse.com [Accessed 7th December 2009] This article has been specifically written for palliative care staff in nursing or residential care specifically for the care of the elderly and terminally ill. The author- a consultant editor for the journal highlights guidelines to follow to ensure dignity is maintained for the care of the terminally ill during their stay at residential homes. Ashurst sates to maintain privacy and dignity towards the end of the patients life emotional support must be obtainable which may include respecting the relatives wishes- this may include involving themselves in the care of their relative. He also sates that respect for the patients wishes should be at the forefront of the care for the patient regardless of what the nursing staff believes to be the best course of treatment. Ashurst clearly presents the main points of this article to the reader by using a simple layout with the uses of sub-headings, pictures, columns and quotations in bold and inverted comers. As this is not legislation but me rely guidelines it is not supported in the traditional sense as the author only uses the opinions of members of the health profession. NHS Executive- Safety, Privacy and dignity in mental health units- guidance on mixed sex accommodation for mental health services. (2000). http://www.dh.gov.uk [Accessed 9th December 2009] This policy is a National Health Service policy for all NHS trusts in England written by the NHS Executives. It provides guidance for the practical steps that need to be taken out by all NHS staff to ensure that safety, privacy and dignity are maintained for the patients in mental heath units with regards to mixed sex accommodation. It is split into two main sections. Section A being operation policy. This provides the audience with guidelines to meet the overall objects of providing a safe environment and safe facilities for mentally ill patients which maintain their privacy and dignity. Section B being design guidance. This section elaborates on the guidelines given in the previous section by specifically relating it to mental health facilities. As this is a NHS policy and is therefore legislation it is not supported as it is not a matter of opinion. Although this policy is long in length it is clearly presented with the use of sections and sub-sections being clearly numbered. The policy also includes models as aguidance to possible accommodation arrangements for new/existing accommodation in order to maintain privacy and dignity in mental health facilities. Professor Ian Philip, National Director for old people, Department of health- A new ambition for old age- next steps in implementing the national service framework for older people. (2006) http://www.dh.gov.uk [Accessed on 9th December 2009] This report written by the national director for old people outlines the next steps for implementing the national service framework for older people and follows on from a previous report on ‘Better Health in old age. The author states that it is the department of healths ambition that within five years all older people will be treated with respect and dignity and in all care settings. He believes this will be achieved by following 10 programmes of activity. An example being: improving dignity in care by strengthen activities such as ensuring the dignity towards and at the end of a persons life. As it is a government policy this report is primarily aimed at everyone in the United Kingdom, however more specifically those who work with older people and those in the health sector. The layout is easy to understand with each programme easy to identify by the use of sub headings in a different colour. Bullet points are also used to keep the text short and direct in some areas with the use of pictures also to brake down the writing.

Fight Club - Conformity vs Rebellion Essay -- Fight Club David Fincher

Fight Club - Conformity vs Rebellion The conflict between conformity and rebellion has always been a struggle in our society. Fight Club is a movie that depicts just that. The movie portrays the polarity between traditionalism and an anti-social revolt. It is the story of man who is subconsciously fed up with the materialism and monotony of everyday life and thereafter creates a new persona inside his mind to contrast and counteract his repetitive lifestyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character is actually unnamed, but sometimes is referred to as Jack, which comes from a medical book he reads in the Tyler’s house perhaps. He is the normal, everyday, worker bee that carries on his overly boring life day in and day out because he is the typical conformist that society tells us to be. Jack is the everyday common workingman to which the audience can sympathize with and relate to. His character portrays the struggles and longevity of the American dream. He is constantly rating his life and his lifestyle by his furniture. The designer furniture that he orders out of mail catalogues defines his personality and self worth. This is due to the fact that he is constantly trying to improve and complete his lifestyle by buying certain pieces of furniture to create a modern but still simple and traditional household. His house is beyond perfection but yet he still tries to further its flawlessness, which relates to his dream of the typical Am erican. But as he constantly tries to improve himself with his furniture and work habits to define his personality, he actually fails miserably and does quite the opposite. When Jack buys his furniture he destroys every attempt that he has made to improve himself. He only falls deeper into the hole that he digs himself. Every piece of furniture that he buys, he loses another part of his identity. Jack’s conformity follows him to work as he becomes a doormat. His socialization is confined to the limits of his cubicle with the only exception being when he is on business trips. During flights he develops relationships with the passengers around him. This is not done out of a real honesty for a conversation, but out of a need to fill a void, a loneliness, a lack of self-worth. His life is full of â€Å"single serving friends†, car crashes, and wishes of an eventful death because the monotony of his life gives him strict boundaries to live by. His... ...rkingman, as Tyler is the man everyone wants to be. Fight Club shows a man that everyone wants to be but can’t because of laws and in most cases common courtesy. The movie states that there is basically a Tyler in all of us, wanting and waiting to come out. None of us will let him out though because we don’t have the courage, or maybe stupidity to do it, although Jack does. For a while in the movie Jack did get everything he wanted. He had no care in the world and couldn’t have felt better about himself as a whole. Not until later does the final message come in, without any control there is chaos. When Tyler ran rampant and did what he pleased things began to get out of hand. For instance his final act of defiance towards society was the blowing up of credit card companies in order to erase the debt record so that everyone’s debt would go back to zero. This is only to create total chaos and embody Tyler’s world without rules. Tyler sums up the m ovie in his own terms, â€Å"You are not your job. You are not how much you have in the bank. You are not the contents of your wallet. You are not your khakis. You are not a beautiful and unique snowflake. The things you own end up owning you.†

Energy Drinks Customer Analysis Essay

Energy drinks consumers are generally bellow 35 years of age. The industry targets teenagers, young adults and athletes. Workers are also included in the market segment for this product. As regards to customers description, recent studies has pointed out that 65% of energy markets are male (Energy Drinks Market, n. d). Consumers are usually single with an average income (Central Information Organization, 2009, p. 8). Nowadays, energy drinks are very popular among teenager students. As confirmed by Bahrain Central Information Organization webpage (CIO), students’ rate is 174. 98 per 1000 population. This is a large percent taking into account the very small population of Bahrain. Furthermore, people at this period of age are well known to be very outgoing and active but with increasing burdens of daily studies they become very busy and in need for a fast and effective boost for their energy. Similarly, athletes are mostly young adults and students at the same time. They surely need energy drinks to build their bodies and to provide them with more strength to exercise their favorite sport. Added to that, workers constitute the third part of energy drinks customers. They use energy drinks quite often, especially the ones with two jobs or more or a full time job. Working in these fields becomes so exhausting which creates a need for more energy and it is obtained by energy drink consumption. For students energy drinks are intensively consumed during midterm or final exams period. Teenagers become nervous and very tired due to the great pressure provoked by hard work studying. A recent study shows that one-half of college students consume at least 1 energy drink per month (M. A. Heckman, K. Sherry, and E. Gonzalez de Mejia, 2010). Students expect that this would help them gain more energy in compensate of the amount they have lost. Added to that, athletes need energy drinks before big matches or during tournaments. They aim to gain extra power in order to be able to exercise more and to go on with their games. The customers’ situations mentioned above will certainly cause high demand on this product in energy drinks market. What’s more the distribution of the product in Bahrain will be on several places around the country. Hyper markets, pharmacies, universities and colleges, gyms and also sport clubs are all ideal places to introduce the product as the three main customers frequently visit those locations. Briefly, market segment for energy drinks is growing well and ready for new products. 2. 2 Customer Description At the time we come to think about energy drinks consumers, we must determine which group is in real need for the product. Every person is exposed to the fatigue of daily life which often comes with hard studying or overwork. Youth though, are the most affected group of people as they suffer more from the insufficient amount of energy caused by lack of sleep and hard work (Target Group for Energy Drink: Ads and the Market, n. d). â€Å"Granted, a great number of people are working longer hours and appear to lead busier and more stressful lives; however their bodies often can’t cope because they are often also making poor food and lifestyle choices† (J. Davies, n. d, paragraph 1). For energy drinks consumers, motivation depends on how often they actually need to satisfy their wants and needs. However, many campaigns were started by lead energy drinks companies to stimulate motivation. Nevertheless, this target market is mostly consisted of male consumers who mostly believe in the sincerity of energy drinks claims. As a consequence, energy drinks are basically targeted towards today generation (Target Group for Energy Drink: Ads and the Market, n. d). 2. 2. 1 Geographic the product will hit units with the largest amount of populations in Bahrain. As demonstrated in the table bellow, the majority of the population is concentrated in the three governorates: Capital, Central and Northern. Administrative units, figure 1 Northern Central Capital Muharraq Southern Southern Map of The Administrative Units Division, figure 2 Moreover, all three are located in the upper side of the country (figure 2). As explained in further point of this report the product is a new brand of Coca Cola Co. The Cola factory is located in Salmabad an industrial area in Bahrain (Wikipedia, 2010). This would be the start point of the distribution process. Then, the product will be delivered to universities, one of the largest places of students gatherings for example: University of Bahrain, Bahrain polytechnic and AMA. The product will be available in campuses whether in canteens, small cold stores or even cafeterias. Also, athletes can easily find the product in gyms and other sports halls. Furthermore, famous hypermarkets such as: Geant, Lulu and Carrefour Hypermarket will be the ultimate seller for the product. All three types of customer can simply find the product in one of these locations. 2. 2. 2 Demographic To start with, market segment for energy drinks is targeted at group of people in their late teens to early thirties. The age group is determined between 18 to 34 years of old. Age Groups| Both Sexes| Males| 15 – 19| 70,363| 35,961| 20 – 24| 102,341| 60,497| 25 – 29| 151,173| 102,994| 30 – 34| 139,108| 93,838| Total| 462985| 293290| Figure 3 The data in this table is retrieved from Bahrain Central Information Organization This table presents the population of both Bahraini and non-Bahraini residents in the age group of 15-34. The third column illustrates Males numbers since the majority of consumers belong to this gender. According to the above table, the total population of this market segment is estimated by 462985. Almost 293290 are men which mean they are more than the half of the entire population. There are three main occupations for this crowd they are students, athletes or busy employees. The statistics of Supreme Council for Woman SCW shows that the average age of first marriage for men is 26. 4. This indicates that group A are still single while are married. The statistics also confirm that most families in Bahrain include 5 to 6 members. This proves that consumers typically have a medium size family. What’s more, the first group of consumers is supposed to be high school seniors, recent graduates or college students. On the other hand, group B members are usually universities graduates and new employees. It is proven that customers are willing to pay more per liter in return they expect to receive a satisfactory boost of energy (staff reporter, 2006, paragraph 5). 2. 2. 3 Psychological Characteristics There are several behaviors that characterize energy drinks customers. They are always seeking for more energy. Those consumers are very practical and always thinking of having fun. However, they can easily be tired out by daily duties and work. Especially if they are students with part time jobs or sport activities for athletic students. Added to that, workers who have two or more jobs or work in a full time job can also be jeopardized to continuous pressure and every day stress. Therefore, energy drinks becomes the savior for them due to the immediate power that helps them restore their low energy and persist the day normally. 2. 2. 4 Behavioral Characteristics The majority of energy drinks customers are young people. Their love for life and hyper is what really distinguish them. What’s more, energy drinks consumers are described to be really outgoing and very active. This crowd is always trying to find a better way to enjoy their selves. Another thing is that, this group like speed, flash, and direct thrill which can be obtained by most energy drinks taking into account the important role of bold packaging in satisfying customers taste (Packaging Schemes & Energy: Popular Drink Designs, n. d). Nevertheless, in some point of the day they can get really busy which upset quite a large number of them and prevent them from completing their activities. This is where the energy drinks market takes place of forming a reliable renewed source of body energy. References 1. Energy Drinks Market. n. d. Retrieved from http://researchwikis. com/Energy_Drinks_Market 2. Bahrain Central Information Organization. Page. 8. 2009. Retrieved from http://www. cio. gov. bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Bahrain%20in%20Figure/BIF2007_2008. pdf 3. M. A. Heckman. K. Sherry. and E. Gonzalez de Mejia. 2010.

Ap Us History Project

Read, Watch, or Listen (RWL) Project AP US HISTORYName: Directions: Each RWL project will consist of two sections. First, you will choose a source that relates to each of our units in United States history (read a book/portion of a primary source, watch a movie, or listen to an ITunes University lecture). Second, you will either answer five analysis questions or write a reflection paper based upon your source. Unit 1: Formation of Colonies – Colonial Wars (1607-1763) Unit 2: Revolution – Constitution (1763-1789)Unit 3: Early National Period, War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings (1789-1814) Unit 4: Jacksonian Democracy, Antebellum reform movements, and sectional tensions (1814-1850) Unit 5: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1870) Unit 6: Gilded Age (1870-1900) Unit 7: New Imperialism, Progressivism, and WWI (1900-1919) Unit 8: Interwar Period: Roaring Twenties, Jazz Age, and Great Depression (1920-1939) Unit 9: WWII, Start of Cold War, 1950’s Conformity (1939-1959) Unit 10: Turbulent 1960’s, Cold War continued, 1970’s (1960-1979) Unit 11: Reagan Revolution, End of Cold War, Modern United States (1980-2000)Rubric/Directions for Analysis Questions: APUSH – RWL ProjectNameType of Source: Book, Movie, or LectureDateName of Book, Movie, or Lecture 1. Introduction (1-2 sentences) – What is the topic/theme in American history in your book, movie, or lecture? What year(s) did your source cover? (10%) 2. Brief Summary (1-2 paragraphs) (15%) 3. Identify the Thesis (1-3 sentences) – What was the overall main idea and thesis of your source? (15%) 4. Analysis (2-4 paragraphs) – Based upon your knowledge of American history, was your source’s portrayal of its particular time period — Effective?Accurate? Exaggerated? Biased? (50%) 5. Conclusion (1-4 sentences) – Did you enjoy reading, watching, or listening to your source? If there was evidence of bias or inaccuracies, how could your source be im proved or corrected? (10%)| Rubric/Directions for Reflection Paper: Format(10 points)| 1. ___ typed – size: 12, font: Times New Roman 2. ___ at least two pages 3. ___ double spaced 4. ___ 1 inch margins 5. ___ name, date, and title of source (Iecture, movie, or literary)| Spelling, Grammar, and Punctuation(10 points)| 1. __ correct grammar 2. ___ correct spelling 3. ___ correct punctuation 4. ___ appropriate word choice and syntax | Thesis/Introduction(10 points)| 1. ___ clear and concise thesis statement that accomplishes the following tasks: a. introduces the main idea of your source (ITunes U lecture, writing, or movie) b. provides your thoughts on the subject c. Provides categories for analysis (body paragraphs 2 and 3)| 1st Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ provides a brief summary of your source (ITunes U lecture, writing, or movie) 2. __ 8 sentence minimum| 2nd Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ elaborate on the main idea of your source and provide your analysis on the topic 2. ___ 8 sentence minimum| 3rd Body Paragraph(20 points)| 1. ___ was it historically accurate? Exaggerated? Bias? How could the inaccuracies be corrected? 2. ___ 8 sentence minimum| Conclusion(10 points)| 1. ___ conclude your essay logically by reiterating your thesis and evaluation| Annotated Bibliography| 1. ___ *** If you do outside research to determine the historical accuracy of your source, you must cite it using MLA***|

Free Essays on King Auther

King Arthur is mostly known for his Kingly leadership, his loving rule, and even his ruthless judgment of Lancelot and Guinevere. The name Arthur came from Artorius, which is a Roman gen. King Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon who defeated the barbarians in a dozen battles. Tradition has it that after King Uther’s death there was no king ruling all of England. Therefore, Merlin had placed a sword in a stone, saying that whoever drew it out would be king. Arthur did not know his true status but had grown up living with Sir Ector and Sir Kay. The young Arthur pulled the sword form the stone, and Merlin had him crowned the King of Britain. This lead to the rebellion by eleven rulers, which Arthur put down. In doing so, he conquered a wide empire and eventually went to war with the Romans. In the war against the Romans, Arthur defeated Emperor Lucius and became emperor himself. He returned home on learning that his nephew, Mordred, had raised the standard of rebellio n and took Guinevere, the Queen. After finding the Queen Arthur married her. Guinevere’s father gave Arthur the round table as a gift. Also after landing at home, his final battle took place. The last battle of Arthur took place between him and the forces of his evil nephew, Mordred. Arthur delivered the fatal blow to Mordred in the battle, but in the battle Arthur was struck by an earthly blow, himself. It was then he commanded Sir Bedivere to throw Excalibur back into the lake. The death of Arthur dates back to AD 542 during the fifth century.... Free Essays on King Auther Free Essays on King Auther King Arthur is mostly known for his Kingly leadership, his loving rule, and even his ruthless judgment of Lancelot and Guinevere. The name Arthur came from Artorius, which is a Roman gen. King Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon who defeated the barbarians in a dozen battles. Tradition has it that after King Uther’s death there was no king ruling all of England. Therefore, Merlin had placed a sword in a stone, saying that whoever drew it out would be king. Arthur did not know his true status but had grown up living with Sir Ector and Sir Kay. The young Arthur pulled the sword form the stone, and Merlin had him crowned the King of Britain. This lead to the rebellion by eleven rulers, which Arthur put down. In doing so, he conquered a wide empire and eventually went to war with the Romans. In the war against the Romans, Arthur defeated Emperor Lucius and became emperor himself. He returned home on learning that his nephew, Mordred, had raised the standard of rebellio n and took Guinevere, the Queen. After finding the Queen Arthur married her. Guinevere’s father gave Arthur the round table as a gift. Also after landing at home, his final battle took place. The last battle of Arthur took place between him and the forces of his evil nephew, Mordred. Arthur delivered the fatal blow to Mordred in the battle, but in the battle Arthur was struck by an earthly blow, himself. It was then he commanded Sir Bedivere to throw Excalibur back into the lake. The death of Arthur dates back to AD 542 during the fifth century....

Socrates, the Midwife of Souls essays

Socrates, the Midwife of Souls essays Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, was a man of the people. His father was an artisan, one of the stone masons who squared, fixed and polished the blocks of which the Parthenon was built. Socrates took up the chisel of his father, the stone mason. He felt himself to be a born artisan, but he was more attracted to fashioning a different sort of material, the human soul, with the same certainty, knowledge and workmanly conscientiousness he applied to his stone work. He felt the artisan bound to his trade by strict and delicate rules, was most capable of understanding the human soul. He wanted to invent a technique for producing noble characters. His mother, who was a midwife, provided another foundation for Socrates life vision. He would deliver souls of the truth they bore within themselves. He would become a midwife for souls. Socrates was known for being very strange, almost extravagant in his behavior. However, he was also a man of great common sense and strict logic. Fat, with bulging eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils, and a wide mouth, he was considered the ugliest man in Athens. Since he held the body in such low esteem, he rarely took a bath. But, as his friends knew, he was "all glorious within," "the most upright man of that day". His self-control and powers of endurance were exemplary; "he had so schooled himself to moderation that his scanty means satisfied all his wants." And he came to be considered one of the greatest philosophers of all time. Socrates believed our most important task, in fact, the very meaning of our lives, was the care of ones soul. He believed the soul was our true self, our very essence, and our bodies the mere instrument utilized in dealing with the physical world. Socrates seemed confidant that human beings survive physical death, therefore possessing an immortal soul. Socrates' view of the soul stands in sharp contrast with the Homeric and...

1984 and the Truman Show

island, where there is freedom and harmony within the community. Peter Weir in his film, The Truman Show, presented his version of utopia, a town called Seahaven. This essay will analyze the film as a critique of consumerism. The name of the city itself is, as Smicek points out, an anagram of, â€Å"as heaven,† that seems to, â€Å"replicate a saccharine of 1950 's American suburbia† (33). The main character, Truman, lives in the, â€Å"pastiche of Capra-esque small-town picket-fence America,† the suburban paradise†¦ the books such as 1984 to the recent movie Maze Runner. Many writers have brought up the heavy reliance of technology and how it can become devastating to the human race. The movie The Truman Show tackles the fear of the rise of technology, reality tv shows, and the social implications on Reality TV shows. . The rise of television in the 1950s, over half of Americans owned televisions, brought in new ways to entertain people. One of these ways being Reality Television shows. There was a spike†¦ cave and The Truman show. Allegory of the cave is a theory of Plato, who is a well-known philosopher in human perception. The theory talks about the disputable idea which many do not understand. It inquires (wrong word) readers to imagine and feel the prisoners in a cave all their life facing a blank wall where shadows are projected. The prisoners are chained up and have been there since their childhood. Whereas, in the movie The Truman show by Peter Wein. The movie is about Truman Burbank’s life†¦ The Truman Show The life of Truman Burbank has been broadcast around the world with tremendous success since the day he was born. A star for the mere fact that he exists, Truman has no idea that there are cameras in every corner of his world. he has literally been ON television from the moment of his birth. With the honor of being the first child to be formally adopted by a corporation, Truman has had every moment of his existence captured by television cameras. The Truman Show, a worldwide†¦ Fears and External Obstacles versus Freedom to Leave (The Truman Show 1998) Lauren: Yeah. I know. Look, Truman, I'm not allowed to talk to you. You know. Truman Burbank: Yeah, well, I can understand, I'm a pretty dangerous character. - When Truman met Sylvia first time Everyone in the world has different characteristics and personalities. When many different characters make harmony together, it leads to great wealth in our lives. Not necessarily money, but the quality of life. However,†¦ The Truman Show Critique NSCI 407 October 6, 2014 938077 True-Man? What makes a True-Man? This question can also be inferred as what makes a human being? As I studied in a religious class, human has a free will given by God, meaning we can make our decision based on the circumstances. Here, we should take our attention to an extraordinary life of one man whose name is ironically Truman but is having a difficulty in expressing his free will in film called â€Å"Truman Show†. Truman show represents a life†¦ I recently viewed, The Truman Show, I placed myself in protagonist Truman’s position. Truman’s entire life was public knowledge, from his secret crushes to deep, intimate conversations with friends and family. If I picture all my life being completely public knowledge in a situation where everything is exposed, but at the same time everyone surrounding me is pretending to be oblivious, It would lead to more secrets and lies towards me every day. For example, when Truman is talking to Marlon, his†¦ Adorno and Horkeimer many years ago claimed â€Å"culture today is infecting everything with sameness† (94). The Social Network and The Truman Show are films made 12 years apart focusing on different mediums one being reality television the other being social networking, yet they both contain the same ideologies regarding gender. Both films promote the same ideologies from the base of its makers to the characters within he film. Each film features and is created by white men, while women are shown as†¦ is Christof. In the movie The Truman Show Truman is living in a world where everyone knows his life is shown on worldwide television but him. He lives in a giant dome created by a man named Christof. He is also the director of the Show. He could be looked at as the god of this small world he created because he controls everything that goes on inside the set and he basically rules out Truman and the actor’s lives for them. Even though the viewers enjoy watching the show a lot of the viewers don’t really†¦ In the 1998 film, The Truman Show, featuring Jim Carrey as the main protagonist, it poses philosophical questions pertaining to Plato’s allegory of the cave found in The Republic. The main character of a fictional television show was Truman Burbank who lived in an alternate reality that was actually a television set that he perceived to be real. From his birth, to early childhood, teenage years, and adult life, Truman has been filmed 24 hours a day, seven days a week, through a television broadcast†¦

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research proposal - Essay Example Results of the multiple regression shall identify the predictors of effectiveness for both groups, and facilitate the compliance to the EMS pediatric care system. Following the quantitative analysis, selected respondents from both groups shall be interviewed to validate the results. The goal of the present research is to determine the predictors of effectiveness for both patients and healthcare professionals as regards pediatric emergency care at Hospital X. The two groups, having differing perspectives and needs, may have distinct factors that influence their effectiveness valuations. Pediatric emergency care has received increasing attention in recent years; the need has been exacerbated by lack of available primary care; the growing number of children who are suffer ring from chronic illness and who are dependent on technology; and other constraints such as manpower, resources and physical facilities. This study may help Hospital X better respond to these pediatric emergency care demands; to optimize the positive change that may be yielded from the study, both patients’ and healthcare professionals will be tapped for effectiveness evaluations. Since the roles of both parties are critical to the provision of emergency pediatric care, it is worthwhile to examine the factors which they perceive influences their delivery of emergency pediatric care. The Institute of Medicine Emergency Medical Services for Children Summary (1993) approximates that annually, there are about 30 million children and adolescents who are in need of emergency care. The gravity of the issue is realized in the fact that injury alone results in mortality in children between the ages of 1-19 than all other causes. Moreover, there are 21,000 deaths accounted for by illness and other disorders (Institute of Medicine Emergency Medical Services for Children Summary, 1993). The alarming realities

The Review of the Movie The Pianist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Review of the Movie The Pianist - Essay Example d film â€Å"The Pianist† (2002) has masterfully dealt with the theme of universal human longing for a peaceful existence, where there would not be any bloodshed and brutal exposure of dominating tendency of the powerful against their weaker counterparts; the entire situation of equality, would finally receive a perfect fulfillment with free interaction of artistry and creative aesthetics. Polanski has represented this theme of the film through use of realistic narration of the prevailing situation during the World War II and contrasting it with symbolic connotation of what an artistic mind actually aspires for. Final part of the film shows restoration of peace and efforts of indomitable human spirit to forget the ravages of the devastation; but at the same time, the director has provided his audience with the scope of ponder over the aspect whether all the losses can be compensated, whether it is important to keep memories of those losses alive in our hearts so that we never forget what we have done to us and recurrence of the same incidents can be stopped. The director has used Warsaw, Poland and plight of the resident Jews in the hands of Nazi force during the World War II as its backdrop. Wladysaw Szpilman, is a famous Polish pianist, played by Adrian Brody is protagonist of the film. The situation of prevailing brutality in Warsaw during the Second World War has been represented to the audience through the character, â€Å"Szpilman’s eye is like a camera, recording events with very little emotional involvement† (Bartov 142). The state of emotional faculty of an artistic heart becomes poignant, as he encounters the devastation and brutality around, through his music, â€Å"His one means of expression is the piano’s keyboard, and when that keyboard is missing, he can only report his journey – from the radio studio into a man made hell and back into the studio – as an accurately and as dryly as possible† (Bartov 142). The contrast to the man made hell, the

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson Essay

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson - Essay Example But at the same time there were views favoring the solution based on limited role of federal government in restructuring process while ensuring unity and nationwide healing policy. This suggestion was against the policy of Radical Reconstruction which was being viewed as the one based on hatred against the Southerners. The main concern of the government was that of defining its role in shaping the political, economic and social integrity of the southern states as the union forces had freed nearly four million slaves. The possibility of co-existence of freed slaves with the rest of white population in a resentful environment was more problematic than the war as it was the issue of slavery that spurred secession among southern states. In Congress, Democrats and moderate Republicans were favoring the lenient policing while the Radical Republicans were pushing for harsher program and complete intervention of federal authority in the restructuring process that should include total equality of newly freed slaves with the remaining white population. But President Lincoln was in favor of the lenient approach as he was in believe that the war itself has changed the states dramatically and more punishment would actually hinder the healing process and forward movement of the nation as a whole.

Histology Question and Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Histology Question and Answer - Essay Example The common pattern is the presence of three layers – the tunica intima, tunica media and the tunica adventitia from inside out. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, towards the luminal side of the blood vessel and is composed of simple, squamous endothelial cells and the supporting connective tissue. It is separated from the tunica media by the inner elastic lamina. The tunica media is composed of circular smooth muscle interspersed with connective tissue and is separated from the outermost layer by the outer elastic lamina. The tunica adventitia is made up entirely of connective tissue. The walls of the arteries are much thicker than those of the veins as they have to carry the blood pumped by the heart to distant organs which is usually at a higher pressure. The arteries therefore comprise of more elastic tissue in the tunica intima. The medium arteries are more muscular than elastic and the internal elastic membrane is more prominent. The spiral smooth muscle cells of the tunica media assist in the propulsion of blood as well as the maintenance of the blood pressure. The tunica adventitia is composed of collagen as well as elastic fibers and the innermost portion has an external elastic membrane. More elastic and muscular tissue in the arteries serves to sustain the vigorous systolic pressure of the blood and the maintenance of its pressure. The veins, on the other hand have thinner walls. Although they possess the basic histological structure associated with all blood vessels, the three layers are not well demarcated and blend into each other. They have lesser elastic tissue and the tunica adventitia is the thickest layer made up of collagen fibers and longitudinally oriented smooth muscle cells. The tunica intima is modified into loose folds which form pockets or valves to resist the back flow of blood along its journey to the heart. 2. The integument fulfills several roles, including that

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Whatever the source, the opportunity should be able to generate profit. The business idea in this case came up due to an unmet need in the market. The entrepreneur after visiting several restaurants trying out different Indian cuisines was disappointed as he could not get really good fresh spices. After careful research, he discovered that there was lack of reliable source of good quality spices at an affordable cost and this presented an opportunity for a business venture. The idea could be exploited through development of a new product (high quality freshly ground spices). An entrepreneur has to consider the target market and aim at fulfilling unmet needs (Shane, 2003). As such this was a good idea as the market was untapped and many customers (restaurants) were in need of fresh good quality spices. Another aspect is that the idea should not be easy to imitate hence creating barriers for new entrants (Butler, 2004). This product was to be made using a new production process and storage system and this was made possible by use of a well qualified engin eer who could make such spices. The entrepreneur was well connected with people who knew buyers of spices and hence no problems with distributing the product (Greene, 2011). The idea was also feasible due to the fact that it does not require heavy investment as the production process is very simple. It involves use of freshly ground spices but which would not loose taste due to storage. Other producers were unable to store spices due to loss of taste hence could not fulfil the needs of the customers (Hougaard, 2005). Another advantage was that, since the idea was new there was no dominant design established. This could have hindered the entry of the new venture. Honest Tea was established in 1998 and the entrepreneurial opportunity arose when one of the founders discovered an unmet need in the beverage industry. After consuming beverages on a hot day, his thirst was not quenched thus

Coursework Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Coursework - Thesis Proposal Example This paper demonstrates the process of entry into foreign markets, the considerations to be made in decision making, the challenges involved, and the applicable organizational models that can be employed. For a better description, the paper analyses a case of a consumer product firm Coca Cola. It addresses the problems she faces on her efforts to venture into a foreign direct investment, the managerial decisions to be made, the organizational models to be used, as well as the decision making models most appropriate for the firm. Coca Cola targets its foreign direct investment in a country in Asia, the People’s Republic of China. Coca-Cola in China was selected as a case study for a number of reasons. First, Coca-Cola is the largest cocoa producer in the world and one of the largest multinational companies. Coca Cola  gets competition from its closest competitor, Pepsi-Cola, and unknown environment and versatile local market, the ability of Coca-Cola, experience and success in capturing a large market share in China seem to be an interesting Cases in which consequences can be drawn for the understanding of the market multinationals Entry in the developing countries by creating an equity joint venture (EJV).  Based on a case study of the bottling plant of Coca-Cola Tianjin, Nolan (1995) conducted the first comprehensive analysis of the macroeconomic effects work by Coca-Cola in China. He found out that the company Coca-Cola System General has positive effects on the development of labor markets, capital and products in China.   They believe that the economic multiplier effects of the investments of Coca-Cola and Power operation. China produced a total of approximately 414 000 jobs, 21.7 billion Yuan in output and 1.2 billion Yuan tax payment in 1998. Coca Cola operates in more than 100 countries through various contractual agreements. Coca Cola operates using an organizational and product line

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Whatever the source, the opportunity should be able to generate profit. The business idea in this case came up due to an unmet need in the market. The entrepreneur after visiting several restaurants trying out different Indian cuisines was disappointed as he could not get really good fresh spices. After careful research, he discovered that there was lack of reliable source of good quality spices at an affordable cost and this presented an opportunity for a business venture. The idea could be exploited through development of a new product (high quality freshly ground spices). An entrepreneur has to consider the target market and aim at fulfilling unmet needs (Shane, 2003). As such this was a good idea as the market was untapped and many customers (restaurants) were in need of fresh good quality spices. Another aspect is that the idea should not be easy to imitate hence creating barriers for new entrants (Butler, 2004). This product was to be made using a new production process and storage system and this was made possible by use of a well qualified engin eer who could make such spices. The entrepreneur was well connected with people who knew buyers of spices and hence no problems with distributing the product (Greene, 2011). The idea was also feasible due to the fact that it does not require heavy investment as the production process is very simple. It involves use of freshly ground spices but which would not loose taste due to storage. Other producers were unable to store spices due to loss of taste hence could not fulfil the needs of the customers (Hougaard, 2005). Another advantage was that, since the idea was new there was no dominant design established. This could have hindered the entry of the new venture. Honest Tea was established in 1998 and the entrepreneurial opportunity arose when one of the founders discovered an unmet need in the beverage industry. After consuming beverages on a hot day, his thirst was not quenched thus

Consulting for a struggling firm Essay Example for Free

Consulting for a struggling firm Essay Introduction All organizations in the modern society are faced with challenges in economic management. As a psychologist working for a consultation firm, I meet a CEO in dire need of help on future sustainability of works on stress management, diversity and motivation. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyze how the various challenges in the workplace can be mitigated so as to increase efficiency. Stress management Stress refers to a situation in which one feels pressure and cannot cope with it successfully, and results in varied physical, mental and emotional reactions. Stress management thus refers to techniques and therapies often with the aim of controlling a person’s levels of stress. In an organizational context the manager is charged with the responsibility for ensuring that each employee can work without pressure. Stress is common in very many workplaces, employees and the managers both experience stress. In workplaces, stress is often caused by lack of communication, career and job ambiguity, financial stress, personal stress, interruptions and strictness by the managers and poor working conditions. Stress management is important in a firm, in this case a firm that is struggling and needs to pull through. Work stress in this case is an important issue because it has financial impacts on the business, it is also important on legal obligations and organizational effectiveness. Practice of stress management in companies helps in the efficiency of the organization as the employees are able to know their roles thus doing tasks efficiently and thus making the organization effective, the employee’s working conditions are improved also,   as stress management helps to identify some of the problems that the employees suffer. Stress management boosts the morale of the workers as they are able to work with ease; it also ensures that equal opportunities in terms of promotion and training are given out fairly (Ivanko, 2013). In a situation that employees have been laid off, and some are remaining in the organization, those remaining are affected, and they develop stress. The type of situation can be achieved by applying ways of managing stress. One way would be to encourage the remaining employees to adopt a positive attitude and mindset towards their stress. Another way would be to emphasize on acceptance that some things cannot change; once something has happened we should accept and move on. Creation of time for recreation would also help to alleviate stress among employees; alterations of situations can also be an excellent remedy in doing away of stress. After layoffs the firm can rebuild by assessing and looking at the weaknesses and failures and try to address them, the organizational structure should also be changed, the employee’s working conditions and problems should also be addressed. A market research should be done to ensure that the requirements of the clients are identified, and more sensitization in terms of advertising should be done to get more clients and popularize the firm. Motivation Motivation in a firm often refers to an act of providing a reason to act in a particular manner. It can also refer to internal and external factors that stimulate and give desire to perform a task or job continually. Motivation is relevant to solving most problems in firms, it borrows a lot from   Ã‚  psychology, knowledge of work psychology is critical to the use of motivation. Motivation of workers is essential in building relationships with coworkers, improvement of production, time management among others things. The motivation of employees contributes to growth and development of the organization. In a situation whereby some workers have been laid off motivation can be used to enable the remaining workers to work harder and lift the body. Some of the ways of motivating employees include: increasing salaries of workers, creating   safe and friendly environment for the workers, recognizing and rewarding those employee’s that perform, developing good relations with workers, use of food as incentives, holidays to performing employee, introducing overtime in which the employees are paid for working for extra hours (Ivanko, 2013). This kind of measures can be taken in instances where there has been a laid off of workers as this helps the remaining workers to heal and ensure that the organization becomes more fruitful and able to cope with market dynamics. Diversity Diversity can take many forms; it includes differences in race, ethnic identity, gender, education, socio-economic levels and sexual orientation. The amount of diversity in organizations is often increasing; thus the need to manage diversity is essential. The number of aging workers is growing and there are more people from diverse backgrounds. In most organizations today, there are an increasing number of joint ventures, mergers and strategic alliances uniting people from different organizations and cultures. Handling diversity is an important obligation of leaders in contemporary times. A leader has to find the balance between promoting diversity and building a strong organizational culture. Managing diversity is important as it ensures creativity and innovation among the workers, it also helps in forming and maintaining better interpersonal relationship between workers, managing of diversity performance of the people for the value of all shareholders, it also helps in recruiting and retaining of employees (Bogda L. , 1998). Organizations have very many people of different backgrounds, in a case where the group has decided to lay off some workers; it’s of importance that the leader manages diversity for the remaining workers. Diversity can be accomplished by the following: by explaining the benefits of diversity to the organization, encouraging and other people who seek to promote tolerance of diversity, discouraging use of stereotypes to describe other members of the group, promoting respect for individual differences. Leaders can organize training programs that seek a better understanding of diversity problems and cultural differences and how to respond to them in the workstation. Conclusively, there is often a moment that an organization struggles and adverse measures are taken to laying off of employees. The body can bounce back by using motivation, stress management and managing diversity this would help in healing and development of a successful organization. References Bogda, L. (1998). Diversity and Organizational Change. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from bogda.com: http://www.bogda.com/articles/DiversityandOrgChange.pdf Ivanko, S. (2013, September). Organizational Behaviour. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from uni-lj.si: http://www.fu.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/usr-files/Mednarodna_pisarna/ORGANIZATIONAL-BEHAVIOR-2013.pdf

An overview of World Englishes

An overview of World Englishes 1.1 English as an international language Among thousand languages in the world, English has become an International English since it is a multinational, multicultural and multifunctional language. The term, English as an international language (EIL) can be shortened as International English, highlights the international use of English rather than wrongly suggesting that there is one clearly distinguishable, unitary variety called `International English. Mckay (2002: 132) in her book entitled Teaching English as an International language makes use of the shorthand term and gives a definition like this: International English is used by native speakers of English and bilingual users of English for cross-cultural communication. International English can be used both in a local sense between speakers of diverse cultures and languages within one country and in a global sense between speakers from different countries. From her statements, we can see that the uses of English internationally include speakers of English as native lan guage (ENL)/English as mother tongue in all its dialects, as well as speakers of New Englishes/World Englishes/indigenized/nativized varieties. Chosen as the preferred potion for cross-cultural communication, it can be referred to as EIL. Besides, some other terms can be used more or less interchangeably with EIL, such as English as a lingua franca, English as a global language, English as a world language, and English as a medium of intercultural communication. In fact, the dramatic development of modern science and technology, the coming age of information superhighway, and the shrinking of the world into a global village are all accelerating international exchanges and intercultural communications and, for that matter, the wider spread of English. Recently, another term for EIL has been introduced: World English (Brutt-Griffler, 2002:110). She provides a carefully researched and well-argued basis for acknowledging the active role of EIL users as agents in its spread and in its linguistic development: they are not just at the receiving end, but contribute to the shaping of the language and the functions it fulfils. This is a perspective with considerable implications for English education all over the world. 1.1.1 An overview of World Englishes There are several researches of varieties of world English, two famous scholars Quirk and Krachu are worth mentioning. Quirk divides the varieties of English into three kinds: English as native language (ENL); English as second language (ESL); English as foreign language (EFL). He maintains that all the varieties of world English should base on the established rules of British English or American English. He is the typical representative who suggests the only criterion for the varieties of English in the world. However, with the fast development of the society, with the quick trend of internationalization of English, it is neither possible nor practical to hold on the sole criterion for different kinds of English all over the world. Being a very popular pioneer of the theories for the internationalization of English, a promoter insisting on the pluralistic criterions of English and a variationist, Krachu put forward the notion of World Englishes in 1970s. And in 1985 he proposed the three concentric circles to view the varieties of English that are similar to Quirks division. The inner circle refers to the traditional culture and linguistic bases of English. It includes the USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The outer or extended circle represents the institutionalized non-native varieties. It involves the earlier periods of the spread of English in non-native settings, where English has become part of a countrys institutions, and plays an important `Second Language role in a multilingual setting. The countries are Singapore, India, Malawi, and more than fifty other regions in the world. The expanding circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the language are used essentially in EFL contexts, as in China, Japan, Greece, Iran, etc. China English belongs to this circle. There are some seventy-five territories in which English has held or continues to hold a special place, as a member of either the inner or outer circles (Cry stal, 2001: 53). Crystal (2001: 54) gives the following estimates for the speakers of English in terms of Kachrus (1985, 1992) `concentric circles: the inner circle, first language, 320-380 million; the outer circle, additional/second language, 150-300 million; the expanding circle, foreign language, 100-1000 million. Kachru (1996: 241) himself maintains There are now at least four non-native speakers of English for every native speaker. McArthur (1992: 355) has a more conservative estimate, namely a 2-to-1 ratio of non-natives to natives. And to cite a voice from what Kachru calls the expanding circle, the German author Gnutzmann (2000: 357) adds another way of looking at this: It has been estimated that about 80% of verbal exchanges in which English is used as second or foreign language do not involve native speakers of English. The statistics show us its power and effect in cross-cultural, cross-lingual communications during the worldwide development of English. Besides the researches done by the above mentioned scholars, many other linguists also have done the similar researches about the internationalization of English, such as Smith (1983), Platt (1985), Stevens (1992), Graddol (1997) and so on. The common marked trait of their researches is that they all go against linguistic chauvinism. On the whole, World English is the product of the development of a world market and global developments in the fields of science, technology, culture and the media; World English is learned by people at various levels of society, not just by the socio-economic elite; World English tends to establish itself alongside local languages rather than replacing them, and so contributes to multilingualism rather than jeopardize it; World English spreads due to the fact that many people learn it rather than by speakers of English migrating to others; thus two processes happen concurrently: new varieties are created and unity in the world language is maintained. With the vast spread and quick speedy internationalization of the English language, it will lead to nativization of English in different parts of the world. 1.1.2 Nativization of English and English es in Asia A non-native English situation is basically an innovative situation involving certain well-known processes of nativization (Bamgbose, 1998: 1). English has become international in character, it cannot be bound to any culture. That is, any culture can use English as its vehicle of communication (Smith, 1983: 9). Kachru (1982: 5) has pointed out once English was adopted in a region, whether for science, technology, literature, prestige, elitism, or `modernization, it went through a reincarnation process, which is unique to another culture. Native English, unable to adequately express what is unique to another culture, should be reincarnated, changed or varied in order to fit the given culture. Such variation or reincarnation of language is called nativization, indigenization or hybridization (Kachru, 1981; Moag Moag, 1977; Whinnom, 1971). Development of English in most parts of Asia was due to contact with native English-speakers through colonialism. Many Asian countries of the outer circle and the expanding circle were former colonies or semi-colonies of countries of the Inner circle, typically USA, UK and Canada, etc. The English language was first introduced to these Asian countries, like India, Singapore, and Pakistan, as the medium of instruction in a western system of education, and was adopted as the official language by some governments for easy communication between the rulers and the ruled. The introduction of the English language may have three purposes: religious purpose, commercial purpose, and political purpose. However, it is certain that the colonists arm has not always been decisive for spread and development of English in Asia. There are some other reasons. English has often been learned because of the status it may confer on the readers and speakers, because it opens doors in modern science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and intercultural communication. In Japan, a country under little colonial influence of an English-speaking power, even though English continues to be a performance variety, it has penetrated deep into the Japanese language and culture. In its localized form, English has acquired a stable status in Japanese culture. Once English was adopted in any region of Asia, whether because of colonialism, or for science, technology, literature, prestige, or modernization, it went through various changes and adaptations, which were partly linguistic and partly cultural. The changes were essentially caused by the new bilingual or multilingual settings, as well as new cultural contexts in which English has to function. Such linguistic and cultural changes are especially well established in the regions where it has been used as an international language, in addition to serving intranational purpose, which is the case of Singapore, India, etc. Establishment of a non-native variety of English in any new culture is well illustrated for its linguistically deviation from standard native English varieties. It usually distinguishes itself from other non-native or native English varieties in terms of phonology, vocabulary, grammar, syntax, semantics, or discourse. The most conspicuous is the vocabulary, because nativi zed English varieties have to include some borrowed words from local languages in order to express some unique phenomena and ideas of local culture that is quite different from that of other cultures. This is also the case of China English. At present, most of the evidences for the recognition of China English are mainly from some of its distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture. Besides the above countries mentioned, English is playing its international and intranational roles in many other Asian countries, as well as in other parts of the world. The fact shows that English varieties developed in Asia are either performance varieties in the expanding circle or institutionalized varieties in the outer circle. Performance varieties include those that are used as foreign language, such as in Japan, China, Indonesia and so on. They have a highly restricted functional range in specific contexts, for example, those of tourism, commerce, and other transactions. Institutionalized varieties are those used as the second language, such as in Singapore, Malaysia, India, and so on. These varieties have a more extended range of uses, registers and style range in the social context of a nation. According to Kachru (1992), The main characteristics of an institutionalized variety are the following: the length of time in use; the extension of use; the emotional attachment of second language users with the variety; functional importance and sociolinguistic status. Under the circumstance of institutionalized varieties, English is not only used i n the domains of government administration, law, military, education, commerce, media religion, etc., but also in the more private domains of family and friendship. From 1990s, the wide and fast spread of English in Asia has aroused the interest of many English scholars worldwide. In the early 1990s, Japan established an organization called the Japanese Association for Asian Englishes. And in 1999, the association published a magazine named Asian Englishes, which is committed to the study of varieties of English in Asia. A lot of well-known linguists like Kachru (1999), Smith (1999), Kirkpatrick (2000), and McArthur (2002) all published articles entitled English as an Asian Language. They all have acknowledged the common features of Asian Englishes, which decide that different varieties of English in Asia belong to the family of World Englishes from the perspective of functional nativeness. In recent years, among western academic circle, there has been a distinct change in attitudes towards English varieties (either institutionalized or performance varieties) developed in Asia, as well as in other parts of the world. Currently most institutional ized varieties have been gradually accepted by native English speakers. However, the development and nativization of institutionalized varieties has been traditionally unacceptable to majority of native English speakers. These varieties have once been considered deficient models of language acquisition. This attitude has not only been restricted to speech performance, but extends to lexical and collocational items that are determined by the new social and cultural context. But, this kind of negative attitude began to change step by step with the growth of linguistic tolerance after the Second World War. A survey (Chen Linhan/ ,# X, 1996: 46) on remarks from native English speakers on China Daily and Beijing Review shows that even in such important English newspaper and magazine there are some misuse of article or prepositions. Nevertheless, all the interviewees have acknowledged the existence of China English. 1.1.3 China English in EIL context English in China, when used as a vehicle of Chinese culture, will also be nativized or sinicized linguistically and culturally. China English was first presented by Ge Chuangui(- ,1 I) in 1980. He used the term to refer to the distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture in Chinese-English translation, but he did not suggest China English as a variety of English. Since then, this term has aroused great interest of many scholars in China. Wang Rongpei 1991: 1-8) in his paper entitled China English an objective English variety points out, provided that English is widely used in a non-native area with certain characteristic of indigenization, whatever its function might be, it can be regarded as an English variety. There are no reasons to deny the fact that China English is an objective language phenomenon in China. Since then, China English has been popular among scholars home and abroad. Chinese speakers or learners appropriate communication in English has become one of the more heated topics for all the Chinese scholars of English teaching, translation, linguistics and cross-cultural communication. On the whole, the popularity of English has pushed forward the nativization of English in China. With the open-up and reform policies, more and more foreign people and different institutions flood into China, and more English expressions that are typically 2.3.1 Pidgin English and China English A Pidgin is a lingua franca that arises in order to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, e.g. in trade or plantation situations (William, 1992: 224). Although it is no ones native language, a pidgin usually involves mixture or compromise between the native languages of its users; in comparison with these, it is restricted in social role, and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources. Pidgins flourish in areas of economic development all over the world, and Pidgins are based on English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. Actually, Pidgin English in China originated from Pidgin Portuguese that is a hybrid language with the combination of Portuguese, English, Hindi, Malay and Chinese Cantonese. Evidences in the history show that the Portuguese were the earliest Westerners who came to China to undertake the cause of colonial expansion and activities after the establishment of the new route in the 16`h century. When they first arrived in Macau, they found it was very difficult to communicate with the local people, and the local people, who were eager to find ways of livelihood during the contact with the Portuguese and other western people, also felt hard to exchange ideas with them. Both needed a shared language as a tool for communication to open up new prospects. Gradually Canto-Portugue s (j~,*I-, j iq ) came into being, which was a business term in commercial exchan ge between China and Portugal. It was a language used by the Portuguese traders and the local businessmen. Later the language became very mature with abundant vocabulary, stable speech sound, morphology and syntax, which had been used by the local people for 300 years. It did not disappear until 19`x century when the English colonists came to South China to extend trade. With the increase of trade volume of Britain in China, a new Pidgin, Canton English, emerged as the times demanded. Many English words gradually replaced those Portuguese words. Pidgin Portuguese had a great effect on late Canton English, now known technically as Chinese Pidgin English or China Coast Pidgin. Chinese Pidgin English was greatly influenced by the earlier Cantonese Pidgin Portuguese. But little has been known about how Canton English was reborn from Pidgin Portuguese. Anyhow, it developed into a lingua franca of the Pacific that influenced the Pidgins of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Queensland, and elsewhere. With regard to its origin, the linguist Chin Chuancheng notes: The Chinese held the British, like all foreign devils, in low esteem, and would not stoop to learn the foreign tongue in its full form. The British, on the other hand, regarded the heathen Chinese as beyond any possibility of learning, and so began to modify their own language for the natives `benefit (Chinese Varieties of English, in B. Kachru (ed.), the Other Tongue, 1982). Pidgin English with typical Cantonese grammatical structures spread rapidly when the Treaty Ports were established in China in 1843, but declined towards the end of the l9`h century as Standard English began to be sys tematically taught in schools and universities. Before liberation, there was Shanghai Pidgin English too. Pidgin English is now extinct in the Peoples Republic of China and marginal in Hong Kong. In fact, Chinese Pidgin English that had been demoted by people was the earliest embryo of China English. People always consider Pidgin English as a term with derogatory sense. But it was the initial stage when we Chinese people began to get in touch with English in the specific historical times. What Pidgin English reflected was how Chinese people learned English at the initial and the most superficial stage. With the development of the society, it has been discarded. However, the traces left over by history can never be removed, and they will influence our behaviors, thoughts and attitudes unconsciously. So, facing the phenomenon of China English, we should not have the attitudes of evasion towards Chinese Pidgin English. Both Pidgin English and China English are the combined result of English with China, which are with typical Chinese language models and thought patterns to different degrees. But they cant be equated and regarded as the same thing. Du Zhengming (* 1998: 6) notes: To Chinese people, Pidgin English was an imposed English, which was the product of colonial expansion. So, they had no motives or conditions to learn Standard English, they just imposed Chinese speech sound, vocabulary and grammar into English, thus became a mixed language. However, China English is a formally learned language. People learn and master it actively and systematically through formal education at schools and universities. They cant treat it entirely as they please. Pidgin English was a language by putting English, the so-called super-state language, together with Chinese, the so-called sub-state one. It was neither English nor Chinese. It reflected the inequality in culture and society. But there are no such com positions as the so-called super-state and sub-state in China English. It is English with typical Chinese social and cultural characteristics. 2.3.2 China English and Chinglish As discussed earlier, China English is used to refer to special things of China and it exists objectively and contains three implications: China English is used only by Chinese people in China; China English takes normative English as its nucleus English; it has its own characteristics. But the first implication doesnt correspond to practice, because some words are used not only by Chinese people but also by western people. The difference between China English and Chinglish lies in the communicative effect depending on the recognition of Normative English speakers. So, Chinglish can be converted into China English, like long time no see. Many teachers and scholars home and abroad have noticed this language phenomenon and studies of Chinglish are scattered in books or articles in the field of English teaching and learning. Nevertheless, due to the unsystematic and unsteady nature of Chinglish, people do not always resonate a clear and unanimous voice on what Chinglish is and hereby present diverse and incomplete definitions from different angles in light with their own understanding. Pinkham (2000: 1-) defines it is a hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as `English with Chinese characteristics; Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing ()l Vl)i1f7 1989) views it as speech or writing that shows the interference of the influence of Chinese; Li Wenzhong ( 1993: 18) considers it as abnormal of deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules. The above-cited definitions indicate that Chinglish is mainly caused by language learners mother tongue interference; it is caused not only by linguistic interference, but more importantly, by the interference of the language learners home culture and the thought patterns peculiar to the home culture. Whether there is a clear-cut distinction between China English and Chinglish or Chinese English is a heated debate, because people think the term Chinglish is derogatory. Actually, Chinese English and China English are at different points on the same continuum of interlanguage between Chinese and Standard English in the Chinese context, at different stages of acquisition or proficiency level. Due to insufficient acquisition or proficiency level, some of the English-using Chinese often make errors in grammar. These errors do not have an underlying sociolinguistic explanation, and English inflicted with such errors can hardly be recognized as the educated form of English, or teaching mode l in China. The violation of cultural norms may be common, however those grammatical errors are more or less related with the inadequate acquisition and insufficient proficiency of Chinglish. In chapter four, we are going to discuss this problem in detail according to the relevant theories of SLA TEFL. 3.2.1 Lexical level At the lexical level, Kachru (1982) has pointed out that a part of the lexicon is nativized in two ways. On one hand, native items are used in localized registers and styles in order to contextualize the language. On the other hand, English lexical items may acquire extended or restricted semantic markers. During the process of the nativization of English in China, the former is called cultural words, the latter, semantic shift. There is a great difference between Chinese and English culture, many a time we cant find equivalent English expressions to convey peculiar things in Chinese culture. Under this situation, people will employ different translation strategies, such as domesticating and foreignizing translations, literal and free translations, to interpret Chinese words of material and spiritual cultures into English. Domesticating translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign te xt for target language readers, while foreignizing translation designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. Words and phrases in China English are the main manifestations of the nativization of English in China. They get into English through the following ways. (i) Transliteration Many Pinyin words have directly entered English because of linguistic relativity and intranslatability of the applied language. Transliterated expressions in Pinyin can be considered a most conspicuous feature of China English with the technique of literal translation and the strategies of foreignizing translation. Chinese personal and geographical names and even some other China-unique facts can be romanized in Chinese Pinyin either in completeness (e.g. Wen Jiabao; Shanghai) or in part (e.g. Maotai Liquor). Actually, transliterated words from Chinese into English originated in the early 19`h century. At that time, lots of Chinese personal names and geographical names were translated into English according to the phonetic system called Wade System, a system of Romanization of Chinese, widely used in representing Chinese words and names in English, esp. before the adoption of Pinyin. It is also called Wade-Giles with some characteristics of English spelling, but it didnt stick to the principles of English spelling fully. And in the early times there were some transliterations from Guangdong dialects and Southern Fujian dialects, such as tea (*); chow mei (r); ); won ton (t; Bohea (RA*t,) ; cheongsam (1> 4) and so on. A system using the Latin alphabet, called Pinyin, has been developed in China since 1950s, and it is now in common use. Pinyin is the official standard for transliteration of Chinese language in the Peoples Republic of China now. It has been widely used by the international c ommunities and foreign countries since the International Standardization Organization passed IS07098: Documentation Service A System for Romanizing Chinese Characters into the Roman Alphabet in 1982. So, we can see transliteration in China English keeps on developing and advancing with the passing of time. Now lets compare the following different transliterated words: In the Wade Giles system In the Pinyin system, Mei-kuo Meiguo, Chung-kuo Zhongguo, Pei-tai-he Beidaihe, Mao Tse Tung Mao Zedong, Peking Beijing, Chonghwa Zhonghua, Tsinghwa Qinghua, Taipei Taibei With the fast increasing of publicity and exchange with the outside world, China has been greatly affecting the world in many different fields, like politics, economy, culture, education, science and daily life. In this case, more and more Chinese words expressing peculiar things in Chinese culture have been translated into English through transliteration and have become loanwords of English. They greatly enrich English vocabulary. Lets look at some vocabulary in China English. China English words transliterated under specific historical and cultural background: Confucius (L); Lao-tzu (Z-T); Tao Te Ching (((,t,));Yamen (Tf1); Xiucai (A.A); Yin (M); Yang(1IF9); qipao (h4); doufu (J); litchi (k); wushu (A*); quyi(1); gongfu ()i), etc. Some Chinese brand names entering China English through transliteration: Many of them are Pinyin words, but some of them are translated by using English words similar in pronunciation with Chinese words. For example, Tun Huang (WI), Da FU Gui (111-ft), E Mei(), Chang Hong(Kt), Maxam (-X.)3116.), Hisense (I;Haier (CI:), Stone ma), Lucky (ff:01,), Star (it), Rising (AW.), Transit (lifiY,) and so on, to name but a few. The above examples show that the transliterated China English words possess different traits in different periods. They reveal the significance and vitality of transliteration in the development of China English vocabulary. Nevertheless, there exists a great difference between Chinese and English, their pronunciation and spelling are quite different from each other. If we simply replace English words with Chinese Pinyin words, it will cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. So while transliterating Chinese words and expressions into English, we should pay attention to translatability, readability and understandability. (ii) Loan translations When there are no transliterated borrowings, or hybridization, loan translations will be adopted. Many Chinese words and expressions have been translated into English by borrowing English words and phrases directly. There are three forms of loan translations. They are compound words, clipped words, and phrases (Zhou Feng, 1987: 111-125). The essence of their ideas can be summed up as follows: One form of loan translations is compound words. Some examples of this type are loan +English, like Canton ginger (Canton is a transliteration, and ginger is a native word); teacup (from Chinese word chabei); teahouse (from Chinese word chaguan), etc. Other examples of this kind of loan translation are the English calque, like beancurd (from Chinese compound word doufu; dou=bean or soy, fu curd); red bean (from Chinese compound word chidou; chi red, dou=bean), etc. The second form of loan translations is some special clipped word that is formed according to the pattern: a number + Chinese character (word translated into English literally). For example, sishuwujing=Four Books, Five Classics ( Sishu refers to four classic Chinese books, namely: The Great Learning (da xue); The Doctrine of the Mean(zhong yong); The Analects of Confucius gun yu) and Mencius(meng Wiijing stands for The Book of Songs (shi jing); The Book of History (shujing); The Book of Changes (yijing); The Book of Rites (li ji) and The Spring and Autumn Annals (chun qiu). Besides Four Books and Five Classics, it also includes Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Virtues, the Theory of Five Elements and so on. The third form of loan translations refers to English phrases translated from Chinese phrases literally. All these English phrases possess the peculiar characteristics of Chinese culture that cant be found in English culture. They manifest the different features of Chinese culture and things during the development of history and society. For example, things originating from the culture of Buddhism, philosophy and Chinese ancient literature: Taoism (i); Buddhism (T9 1); The Analects ( ((itiih )) ); The book of Changes ( ((1)) ) and so on. Loan translations in specific historical and cultural developing periods of China: red guard (iEJ L); one big pot (ik i^WX); ideological remoulding ( LRR CiA); paper tiger (J);); four modernizations (lThi`(tf- ); spiritual civilization material civilization (t1JAX OA); Three Represents (~ IM-M); rule by virtue (1i1); laid-off workers (TliIA); two-hundred policy ( (~one country, two systems ( ~1 IlJ); cross-strait relations etc. When discussing Chine se words and expressions, we will never fail to mention those idioms, mottos, proverbs and set phrases that carry unique Chinese culture. Some of them have the similar meanings to English idioms, mottos and proverbs, but when translated into English by applying English versions mechanically, they will be against the natural and original meanings of Chinese. In this situation the measure of loan translations or semantic shift can be adopted to translate Chinese idioms, mottos and proverbs. China English created by the way of loan translations or semantic shift can better retain the features and the detailed content of splendid Chinese civilizations. For example, to spend money like dirt (ii f) ; to draw a snake and add feet to it (i i , ); people mountains and people seas (A W ); like bamboo shoots after rain (C JA# ); seeking truth from facts (k *RE); no discord, no concord (4T7) x); one arrow, two hawks (- Mj~X),etc. All these set phrases and expressions in China English manifest c ultural activities of the different ages in human society of China. Actually, Chinese people have a preference for four-character phrases both in writing and conversation. The exis